Tim Samaras was found inside his car with his seat belt still on. Tornadoes are also a transitory occurrence. It was eventually moving at highway speeds, which is incredibly dangerous. Reportedly, Matt had battled depression for a long time, and eventually committed suicide by hanging himself, aged 30. Winter was also fascinated by weather and was informed by his mother that Tim was his father after he heard Samaras speak at the 2006 Severe Storms and Doppler Radar Conference in Des Moines, Iowa. Timmer's team is known as "Team Dominator" in the show, referring to the name of their own armored chase vehicle, the SRV Dominator. "You missed a tornado because you did something wrong or you picked the wrong storm," Mike Olbinski laments. Many chasers drive thousands of miles a week when chasing. Hurricanes are fueled by heat from oceans and threaten coastal regions with heavy rain and wind. Given that storm chasing is a dangerous business, some of the storm chasers often succumb to Mother Natures fury. Tornados can pick up combiners. His probe went into the core of an F4 tornado. Jeff Frame, a University of Illinois professor who leads and participates in tornado field studies, concurred. It was a gamble he had to make time and time again. Storm chasers in my area drove all over tornado alley this morning, making a Bill Paxton memorial using spotter network maps. So, eventually, their progress slows to about 20 mph. CLICK HERE TO SEE VIDEO. (GENE BLEVINS/REUTERS). At 6:23p.m. on May 31, 2013, Samaras, his 24-year-old son Paul (a photographer), and TWISTEX team member Carl Young (a meteorologist), 45, were killed by a violent wedge tornado[19] with winds of 295mph (475km/h) near the Regional Airport of El Reno, Oklahoma. The thing that keeps me up at night is the driving, not the tornado, he says. Im embarrassed to say I dont wear a helmet, Morgerman says. [7] They were also featured in The Weather Channel's television special "Dangerous Day Ahead" which aired a month later. Few do, however. Storm chasers keep an even closer eye on weather data, but for a different reason. In high-end tornadoes, winds can be in excess of 200 mph, with hurtling debris capable of skewering telephone poles. For the past 40 years, storm chasers from across the Midwest have obsessively monitored weather reports and forecasting models to predict where tornadoes might touch down. That combination of heavy rain, wind, and flying debris can be hard to explain unless youve experienced it firsthand. Unfortunately, the network never disclosed the reason, or released an official statement regarding the cancelation. Besides Andys car, two other vehicles were involved in the collisions, whose owners sustained minor injuries. Courtesy Jessica Moore. In the eye, though, "It gets calm. But there's no licensing necessary to chase a storm, and anyone can pursue extreme weather. Morgerman says the violent winds of a hurricanes eyewall can leave enduring effects. He appeared in major pieces in National Geographic in April 2004,[16] June 2005,[17] August 2012,[18] and November 2013. Wurman's goal is to collect tornado data in order to improve warnings systems, while Casey's goal is to film footage inside a tornado using his armored Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV). It was the worst kind of tornado to intercept. The hail can hit the camera. A passionate weather enthusiast, Andy was one of the most successful chasers, who had traveled over 180,000 miles in 24 states to intercept over 150 tornadoes. This forced them to drive closer to the tornado than they would have preferred. "Wouldn't it be great if that lead time could be 30 minutes? They can do a lot of damage., Mottice also tends to be wary of hail during storms. Before the beginning of the 2009 season, Josh Wurman become one of the leaders of Vortex 2, a government sponsored tornado research program, which led to massive cast changes. Unlike many storm chasers, he was not considered reckless. "One thing it didnt get right is the human toll. Indeed, he had missed the catastrophic tornado that ripped apart Moore, Okla., on May 20, killing nine children and 13 others, because he and his team determined it was just too dangerous to pursue. Our closest runner-up in the sheer number of tornadoes is Canada, and theyre not even close. The documentary-style reality TV series premiered in October 2007. Tim, his son, Paul, and his chasing partner, Carl, were all killed, probably instantly. "Chasing tornadoes is a gritty, down-and-dirty adventure with a solid group of people whom I feel a close bond with," said Byron Turk. DOW and Scout were headed by Dr. Wurman in seasons one and two. Four of their own died in the monster El Reno tornado. This may be an area where chasers can work to reduce risk. At the time of his death, the cruise ship hosted the Atlantis Events all-gay Caribbean Cruise Olivia Newton-John had headlined a concert on board with the electronic dance music duo Galantis. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. [citation needed]. (Timmer and others from the cast continued a web series, Tornado Chasers, funded by Kickstarter campaigns.). Following their success of achieving over 135,000 by the end of 2012, Reed and his team appeared in the Tornado Chasers premiere in September 2012, which provided a more accurate, detailed and personal approach to the chasing endeavors compared to the original series. When National Geographic caught up with the author at his home in Dallas, Texas, Hargrove explained why Tim Samaras was much more than just a storm chaser; why the Great Plains are the worlds premier breeding ground for tornadoes; and why the storm that eventually killed Samaras was so deadly. We stopped to help & they are OK. @jimcantore pic.twitter.com/AayAhvuBwA. The 2010 season is dedicated to Yazoo City, Mississippi as TornadoVideos.Net chased the mile-wide tornado and were among the first people on the scene to help. [8] The probe was dropped in front of the oncoming tornado a mere 82 seconds before it hit. The Most Memorable Contestants of 'American Idol': Where Are They Now? The news came as a surprise to Storm Chasers fans, who wondered why the show was discontinued. In fact, because they work together during some very intense experiences, they often develop a very close bond. Samaras and his colleagues were dedicated to studying destructive weather so that lead times for tornado warnings could be increased. [15] From 2009 until the show's cancellation in 2012, Samaras was a featured personality on the Discovery Channel's Storm Chasers. Samaras shows probes he uses to measure tornado strength after a May 2006 twister in Ames, Iowa. Were not just driving around in a pick-up truck, he says. His mother talked him into watching an annual television broadcast of The Wizard of Oz at age six. But contrary to the depiction you see in the movie Twister, a lot of it is quite boring. He was still with the DOW, but I know he has since gone on to other things. The vast majority of storm chasers are safe, law-abiding citizens, striving to help out in the severe weather warning process, and are instrumental in educating emergency officials on the location and severity of storms, and the science behind that, Reed Timmer, one of the worlds best-known tornado chasers, told AccuWeather. If youve wondered how they can do that without putting themselves at risk, the answer is simple. All rights reserved. With just 13 hurricanes hitting the continental U.S. since 2010, chasing hurricanes requires a passport and a willingness to spend days making connecting flights to international destinations. What if we could clean them out? They often take video or photos of storms for hobby, education, or research but may not report their observations during the storm. [6] He also worked at National Technical Systems and Hyperion Technology Group. The stakes are higher when chasers partner with major news organizations seeking the most dramatic content. [12], Samaras and his team logged over 35,000 miles (56,000km) of driving during the two peak months of tornado season each year. [30] Severe weather expert Greg Forbes called Samaras "a groundbreaker in terms of the kind of research he was doing on severe thunderstorms and tornadoes". Some people think a severe thunderstorm warning with 80 mile-per-hour winds is no big deal, that the tornado is the big deal, he says. Its heavier than a normal truck. For still photography, Mottice puts the camera on a tripod outside while he remains in the truck. So, here comes Tim, against this backdrop of scientists with PhDs from the ivory towers of meteorology and academia, and he had invented this turtle.. Its very visual. The series followed several different and unrelated teams of storm-chasing scientists, meteorologists and drivers. [3] According to Eileen O'Neill, president of the Discovery networks, Samaras' work was directly responsible for increased warning times ahead of tornadoes.[13]. Hurricane Michael, the building I was in was shaking. Almost nowhere else in the world do you have this unstable moist air mass out of the Gulf of Mexico meeting the drier air mass coming over the Rockies, along with cold polar air coming out of the North. During the 2009 season, the series also documented the TWISTEX team, led by engineer and veteran storm chaser Tim Samaras, who was killed in 2013 while storm-chasing in El Reno, Oklahoma along with his son Paul and fellow storm-chaser Carl Young. The tag line was something like "a space cowboy, a hooker, and girl in a box" or some stupid shit like that. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Luckily the approaching storm weakened, but "if the storm had been producing a tornado at the time . 795 talking about this. Tim, his son Paul, and his chase partner, Carl Young. But according to Mottice, a severe thunderstorm can match or exceed them in destructive power. In any five-year stretch, a driver has a 25-percent chance of getting into an accident. With storms like that, you cant see anything. Reed created several armored chase vehicles named Dominator, which explains why the group was often referred to as Team Dominator.. Herb Stien unfortunately passed away in 2016. According to reports, 13 people died in this Oklahoma twister, including the three storm chasers, who knew the risks. Paul Samaras and Young were sucked out of the vehicle. This interview was edited for length and clarity. As a result, hurricane hunters are a small subgroup of the storm chaser demographic. Community and friendship - Storm chasing is like any other hobby. At the end of the day, if youre caught in a tornado capable of throwing the vehicle, a weight difference of 500 or 800 pounds wont matter. Cameras, live streams, weather apps, other drivers, wet roads and a giant thunderstorm are all things that should not compete for our attention at 70 mph, he said. Please be respectful of copyright. They chased tornadoes intending to capture an extreme video as well as collect scientific data. Storm chaser Tim Samaras displays his 1,680-pound, 1.4-million-frames-per-second camera. The cause of his death remains unclear at this time, but several of his friends shared the sad news on social media, commemorating the late meteorologist. Fans began questioning whether the show ended due to producing issues, the ratings, or personal problems among the cast members. Ive met a number of them and its hard to find any singular demographic except, as you say, they are mostly men. The Scout team of Danny Cheresnick and Aaron Ruppert appeared in the first two seasons as part of the DOW team, but were featured in only one episode in season three. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. (See Storm Chasing Myths.). After five seasons, Tim Samaras and Sean Casey confirmed that the show had been officially canceled. Not much information was available about his personal life, but it was known that he had a daughter. All rights reserved. Storm chasers react to the wrongful death lawsuit against the Weather Channel, Biden enlists potential rivals as advisers ahead of 2024, Their toddler took a nap in an Airbnb and fentanyl killed her, the huge El Reno tornado took the lives of scientist Tim Samaras and his crew. In the lawsuit, filed last week in Lubbock, Tex., Jaegers mother accuses TWC of ignoring warnings from others about the chasers reckless driving habits, which she says ultimately resulted in her sons death. Timothy Michael Samaras (November 12, 1957 - May 31, 2013) was an American engineer and storm chaser best known for his field research on tornadoes and time on the Discovery Channel show, Storm Chasers. Hank Schyma, a musician and veteran storm chaser based in Texas, is fully aware of the potential dangers these days, especially for the inexperienced enthusiasts. One mother now blames the Weather Channel. Put enough miles on and youre bound to see a bad accident., Driving in pursuit of a tornado requires a little more than simple guts and a willingness to get close to a massively powerful weather event. Engineering, meteorology. It is essentially an instrument package, which he made from a shell of milled steel. "They were screaming, 'We're going to die, we're going to die,' " recalled Oklahoma Highway Patrol Trooper Betsy Randolph, who heard them over a radio scanner used by authorities. (Chasers can also measure factors like humidity, wind speed, and temperature. Samaras authored or coauthored around one dozen scientific papers. We will always remember him fondly as an incredible meteorologist and driver of The Dominator, a representative for the Discovery Channel told PEOPLE in a statement on behalf of the network. [6] The three were featured in a Storm Chasers special, "Mile Wide Tornado: Oklahoma Disaster", aired on The Discovery Channel on June 5, 2013. Theyll pull under overpasses and get stuck on the road with a tornado coming at them., Johnson agrees, adding that injury from storms can often take a back seat to traffic accidents. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. [5], In addition to tornadoes, he was interested in all aspects of convective storms with particular research focus on lightning, for which he utilized cameras shooting up to 1.4 million fps. ", ON A MOBILE DEVICE? Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? [11] The tornado simultaneously took an unexpected sharp turn closing on their position as it rapidly accelerated within a few minutes from about 20mph (32km/h) to as much as 60mph (97km/h) in forward movement and swiftly expanded from about 1 mile (1.6km) to 2.6 miles (4.2km) wide in about 30 seconds, and was mostly obscured in heavy precipitation,[19][22] all of which combined so that several other chasers were also hit or had near misses. The Storm Chasers' game with the Iowa Cubs was canceled because of rain with the Chasers leading 2-0 in the bottom of the third inning. In March 2017, a traffic accident claimed the lives of three storm chasers on a road in west Texas. [15], Samaras was survived by his wife Kathy, two daughters, a son from a previous relationship, brothers Jim and Jack, and two grandchildren. Its my opinion that the Weather Channel has a very long history of promoting and executing dangerous behavior, photojournalist and storm chaser Warren Faidley wrote at Stormtrack.org, a forum for chasers. On February 4, 2016, Herbert Stein (former driver of the Doppler on Wheels) died at age 57 after a short battle with pancreatic and liver cancer. As an adult he held an Amateur Extra Class license, the highest amateur radio class issued in the United States, and was proficient in Morse code. I also have not heard anything about Karen - though she and Josh . [9], Storm Chasers Sean Casey and Reed Timmer appeared on an episode of the MythBusters. Taylor starred on "Storm Chasers" from 2008 until it was canceled in 2012. About the time they got to U.S. Highway 81, the tornado was outpacing them, moving faster and faster, and getting bigger and bigger, until it was around two miles in width. ), Unlike tornadoes, which have a very clear visual identity as they spin in a cone shape over land, hurricanes just look like a fierce concentration of weather. Fans have been pushing me to wear one for years the whole [television] crew is wearing helmets. He saw scientists like Howie Bluestein going out after storms in an attempt to deploy a probe into the core of a tornado. Storm chasing, for Walton and Alsayegh, is an ideal vehicle to get women involved in STEM and to engage anyone in climate issues. He also worked for Boeing, doing field testing on hail-resistant skins for aircraft,[6] and for the federal government during his career. Storm chasers are usually meteorologists and scientists who deliberately pursue severe weather phenomena for adventure, scientific investigation, and curiosity. Institutions. An experienced chaser knows how to plan routes that keep them safely away from tornadoes. Storm Chasers is a documentary reality series that follows several groups of storms chasers as they try to intercept tornadoes in Tornado Alley in the US, the area frequently hit by tornadoes. In May 2019, while performing his usual storm chasing, Reed Timmer got more than he bargained for, after getting trapped in the eye of a tornado formed on the Nebraska plains. He was fascinated by storms. His goal was to expand the lead time on tornadoes, which he said is about 17 minutes. [4] He communicated by amateur radio when chasing storms and was also a storm spotter, reporting sightings of hazardous weather. Not according to biology or history. Tim wasnt a cowboy, he was as cautious as possible about his approach to studying these dangerous storms.. I worry Im setting a bad example. They need converging winds. The TIV was outfitted with weather instruments which collect data from approximately 12 feet above ground that, when combined with the DOW radar imagery and the probe data, can help to give Josh a more complete picture of a tornado's structure. At 16, he was a radio technician and was service shop foreman at 17. Tim jumps out, activates the probe, plants it in the dirt, then sprints back into the vehicle and peels out as fast as he can with this tornado dropping pieces of housing insulation into the road ahead. Its the reason I got into it, says tornado chaser Greg Johnson, who now collects footage to sell to news outlets. We all know the famous scene from the Wizard Of Oz, when Dorothy is transported by a twister to a magical new land. Is Sister Wives returning for Season 18? TIV2 did not return from repairs until the middle of the third season. On May 31, 2013, three members of the TWISTEX team, Tim Samaras, his twenty-four-year-old son Paul Samaras, and California native Carl Young (aged 45), lost their lives while chasing an EF3 tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma. We just happen to have a kind of geography where we have all these different air masses colliding to form more than 1,000 tornadoes per year. With the warming of the oceans were going to have a higher evaporation rate, more moisture released into the air, which is a primary food source for tornadoes. Timothy Michael Samaras (November 12, 1957 May 31, 2013) was an American engineer and storm chaser best known for his field research on tornadoes and time on the Discovery Channel show, Storm Chasers. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and friends at this difficult time.. (Marion Cunningham/Discovery Channel). "Doing anything else would only take time away from that. As you can imagine, its an extremely dangerous place. Samaras also shot for art and for pleasure. It's one of the most difficult aspects of . Mostly when stopped. Its very well-behaved. A significant portion of this lawsuit focuses on claims that TWC pushed chasers to their limits and overlooked bad behavior. The tornado will generally go from point A to point B along a defined path. He wanted to do that. In a severe hurricane [the eyewall] is quite incredible, he says. It can be brutal and often dangerous work that's not for the faint of heart. The steel roll cage adds weight. The Manchester, South Dakota, F4 was the largest and most violent tornado he had been confronted with. Storm chasers don't spend much time actually inside the storms. 3. [5] He was also widely interviewed by news stations, newspapers, and magazines and appeared in documentaries. Discovery Channel released an officialstatement following his funeral:We are so saddened to hear about Joels passing. On January 21, 2012, Tim Samaras and Sean Casey confirmed on their Facebook pages that Storm Chasers was cancelled by Discovery Communications. Wiki, Age, Height, Boyfriend, Naked Truth Of Crystal Westbrooks - What Do We Kno Greta Onieogou Biography: Parents, Height, Husband Jeff Dunham's Car Collection (aka Achmed the Dead Benjamin Brady wiki biography. No one better at dominating back roads behind the wheel., Storm Chasers was canceled after five seasons in January 2012. Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. Chase partners Carl Young and Tim Samaras. Tim Samaras was a pioneer and great man. Theres an activating switch on the back; you put it in the dirt, get the hell out of the way, and come back once the tornado has gone past and collect your instrument. Press Esc to cancel. It is very much an addictive pursuit. I dont want anything to encumber the experience.. The Most Nostalgia-Inducing Cast Reunions Through the Years, Celebs in Bed! The sub-vortex slammed into their vehicle, picked it up, and its counterclockwise winds carried it northeast and deposited it in a field more than 600 feet from their starting location. When National Geographic caught up with the author at his home in Dallas, Texas, Hargrove explained why Tim Samaras was much more than just a storm chaser; why the Great Plains are the. The science regarding climate change and tornadoes is still a little unclear. The vehicles on the roads had broken windows., In the storm-chasing community, theres much debate over what separates a professional from an amateur. On Tuesday, Storm Chasers star Joel Taylor died at 38. The chasers drive. Chasers become close friends. Most chasers spent the majority of their careers traveling toward a storm, either by driving toward it or, in Morgermans case, flying. The video went viral, and Reed became known as a fearless and dedicated storm chaser. The interstates were packed with people panicking and fleeing for their lives before the tornadoes hit, as the previous week the area had been hit by a tornado which killed a mother and her child. They got a probe closer than anybody had by that point, but it wasnt in the heart of the tornado. After the show concluded, Reed Timmerlauncheda funding campaign on Kickstarter, intending to start the Storm Chasers first spin-off series. Storm chasers who intentionally drove into the teeth of a tornado Sunday are now facing scathing blowback from their peers. Its when they encounter the sub-vortex within the tornado that theyre killed. [5], Samaras became a prominent engineer at Applied Research Associates initially focusing on blast testing and airline crash investigations. Casey and Marcus Gutierrez led the TIV group, which also included Byron Turk, Brendan Ivy, Matt Hughes and Ronan. When asked, Samaras said that the most dangerous part about following tornadoes is not the actual storms themselves, but rather the road hazards encountered along the way. The show chronicled several teams of storm chasers as they attempted to intercept tornadoes, collecting scientific data to improve warning systems and filming up-close footage using special armored vehicles and equipment in order to obtain a more complete picture of tornado structures. TWC employed Kelley Williamson and Randall Yarnall, the passenger and driver of the vehicle faulted in the accident. According to the Congressional Research Service, tornadoes are the largest causes of economic damage in terms of destruction, except for hurricanes. Jessica Moore, a Colorado meteorologist pushing for more on-screen female meteorologists' delivering live reports in the field, took her daughter, Lily, 11, storm chasing . Where is Lashanta White from My 600-lb Life now? Compared with many other outdoor pursuits, even popular ones such as surfing or hiking, the endeavor had not proved as risky as it might seem. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Storm chasers who intentionally drove into the teeth of a tornado Sunday are now facing scathing blowback from their peers. On a storm chase, their truck blasted through a stop sign at 70 mph, colliding with fellow storm chaser Corbin Jaeger. [25] In addition to the three TWISTEX members, the tornado killed five other people, including local resident Richard Charles Henderson who decided to follow the storm. Storm Chasers was a television series that premiered on October 17, 2007, on the Discovery Channel. Crashes involving a stop-sign violation make up a majority of accidents. Tim Samaras was reportedly relieved when the show was cancelled as he thought it focused more on interpersonal drama than on the storms themselves. Carl Young helps pilot the Probe vehicle while Tony Laubach drives one of the mesonet vehicles, M3. His research included high-speed photography, such as on ballistics. Joels death shocked all fans and viewers of the Discovery series, sparking theories and rumors. Photograph by Carsten Peter, Nat Geo Image Collection, Photograph Courtesy Simon & Schuster Publicity. Newlyweds Sarah Hyland and Wells Adams Explore Magic Kingdom, Plus More Celebs at Disney Parks! Storm chasers, left to right, Tony Laubach, Carl Young, Paul Samaras and Tim Samaras. Storm Chasers is an American documentary reality television series that premiered on October 17, 2007, on the Discovery Channel. The elder Samaras founded TWISTEX, the Tactical Weather Instrumented Sampling in/near Tornadoes Experiment, to document and measure the characteristics of cyclones. Regarding the cast, it included most of the original members, with a couple of new additions such as Jim Cantore, Ginger Zee and Mike Morgan. Its inarguable that he had a lasting impact. [23] It was the first known instance of a storm chaser or a meteorologist killed by a tornado. Chart of all chase-in-progress deaths involving storm chasers since 1970. Storm chaser Tim Samaras displays his 1,680-pound, 1.4-million-frames-per-second camera. The case is a first of its kind, and the outcome may lead to a rethinking of the relationship between storm chasers and media organizations. Chasers generally kept a safe distance from storms or had planned escape routes. What got him interested in storm chasing was a NOVA documentary on twisters. But storm chasers have declined to back away. But it isnt until close to the end that Tim understands how precarious their position is. The roughly 5,000-year-old human remains were found in graves from the Yamnaya culture, and the discovery may partially explain their rapid expansion throughout Europe. Even though his profession had already taken so many of his fellow meteorologists lives, and hes well aware of the danger; Reedsaid: Life is incredibly fragile, and I hope storm chasers continue to work hard to practice their job or hobby safely during this storm season and beyond.. [2] The measurement is also the lowest pressure, 850 hectopascals (25.10inHg), ever recorded at Earth's surface when adjusted for elevation. Timmer and others continued a web series, Tornado Chasers, funded by Kickstarter campaigns. [3], Beginning in 1998, Samaras founded and co-produced (with Roger Hill) the National Storm Chasers Convention, an annual event held near Denver and attended by hundreds of chasers from around the world. Christina Haack Cuddles With Sons Brayden and Hudson, Plus More Stars Snuggle Up, Meet the Talented Emerging Artists That Should Be on Your Playlists This Spring. Casey's completed IMAX film Tornado Alley (opened in March 2011) is dedicated to Hughes. Samaras coauthored, along with Stefan Bechtel and Greg Forbes, Tornado Hunter: Getting Inside the Most Violent Storms on Earth (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN978-1426203022), in 2009.
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